| 授業計画／Class schedule |
1.Session 1, April 13: Basic Concepts and Terms Related to Peace and Security I
Questions to be Addressed
After a short introduction to the course’s objectives, its structure and requirements, we examine the contents and usage of different concepts of ‘security’ and the notions of ‘East Asia’, ‘Asia-Pacific’, ‘Pacific Asia’, and others. Through discussion and comparison of concepts ranging from national to human security, we seek to answer the questions: What is meant by ‘security’? What is being secured? What is ‘Asia Pacific’?
Required Reading
Wæver, O. (2008) ‘Peace and Security: Two Evolving Concepts and Their Changing Relationship’, in Brauch, H.G. (ed.), Globalization and Environmental Challenges: Reconceptualizing Security in the 21st Century, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 99-111.
Glison, J. (2007) ‘Regionalism and Security in East Asia’, in Burke, Anthony, Mc Donald, Matt (eds.), Critical Security in the Asia-Pacific, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 25-40. |
2.Session 2, April 17: Basic Concepts and Terms Related to Peace and Security II
Questions to be Addressed
In this class we look at the concepts of peace and conflict and their implications for the study of social and political issues in Asia Pacific. Emphasis will be put on the distinction between international/interstate versus domestic/intrastate conflict. This includes a critical look at the disciplinary definitions and boundaries of enquiry, and their consequences. It addresses the questions: Why does it matter which concept of security is applied? What constitutes the relevance of ‘human security’?
Required Reading
Commission on Human Security (2003) Human Security Now, Chapter 1, pp. 1-18, available: http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/English/chapter1.pdf accessed 07.02.2011. |
3.Session 3, April 20: Overview of Asia Pacific History
Questions to be Addressed
Although research in the field of security studies frequently grounds its arguments in analyses of historical events, it often does so in immediate connection to the pertaining argument, and is therefore limited to certain aspects taken out of the wider context. The readings discussed in this class provide a general overview of the historical background relevant to debates of contemporary security. The question addressed is why certain time periods and events are deemed to be more important than others, and how they are remembered.
Required Reading
Alagappa, M. (1998) ‘International Politics in Asia: The Historical Context’, in Alagappa, M. (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences, Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 65-111. |
4.Session 4, April 24: Theoretical Perspectives on Political Change in Asia Pacific
Questions to be Addressed
Through the readings and discussions in this class we seek to establish the boundaries of the debate about Asia Pacific security. We address the questions: What are the perceived salient security issues? Which security problems are marginalized by the mainstream discourse?
Required Reading
Christensen, T.J. (1999) ‘China, the US-Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia’, International Security, Vol. 23, No. 4:49-80.
Acharya, A. (2003) ‘Will Asia’s Past Be Its Future?’ International Security, Vol. 28, No. 3:149-164. |
5.Session 5, April 27: The United States and East Asia in a Unipolar World
Questions to be Addressed
With the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, the ‘Cold War’ ended and the United States remained the only ‘superpower’. How has this dramatic change affected the United States’ security policy in general and its East Asian dimension in particular? What is the nexus between growing East Asian interdependence and the continuing security-political importance of the United States? |
6.Session 6, May 1: China’s New Role in the Asia Pacific: ‘Threat’ or ‘Peaceful Rise’?
Questions to be Addressed
The reform and opening policy started by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s brought China back to the world stage. Continuing rapid economic development since 1992 has deeply transformed Chinese society and raises questions about the future of domestic and regional political order. We will discuss the questions: Why did ‘China Threat’ arguments emerge? What does the notion of ‘power shift’ imply? What consequences does the ‘Rise of China’ have for the Asia Pacific?
Required Reading
Taylor Fravel, M. (2008) ‘China’s Search for Military Power’, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3:125-141.
Zhu, Feng (2009) ‘An Emerging Trend in East Asia: Military Budget Increases and Their Impact’, Asian Perspective, Vol. 33, No. 4:17-45. |
7.Session 7, May 8: Japan’s New Role in the Asia Pacific: Becoming a ‘Normal Nation’
Questions to be Addressed
Under the Yoshida doctrine adopted in the 1950s, Japanese foreign and security policy strongly emphasized economic development. In adherence to constitutional prescriptions, military security affairs were seen as lower priority, left to the United States and managed through the U.S.-Japan security alliance. However, change in the domestic and international environment has led to debates about the postwar security arrangement and a more active Japanese role in military security affairs. We will discuss the evolving Japanese security policy and the questions: What is a ‘normal nation’? What are the causes and key issues of the Japanese security-political discourse today?
Required Reading
Soeya, Y. (1998) ‘Japan: Normative Constraints Versus Structural Imperatives’, in Alagappa, M. (ed.), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences, Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 198-233. |
8.Session 8, May 11: The ‘Cold War’ and its Remnants: The Korean Peninsula
Questions to be Addressed
After discussing the basic dynamics underlying the Korean War of 1950-53 we explore the antagonism between the two Koreas. In doing so, we analyze contemporary issues and problems of conventional interstate conflict pertaining to the Korean Peninsula. With reference to the concepts of ‘security dilemma’ and ‘deterrence’ we discuss the questions: What did the end of the ‘Cold War’ mean for the Korean Peninsula? What are the contemporary drivers of the inter-Korean conflict?
Required Reading
Suh, J.J. (2010) ‘Truth and Reconciliation in South Korea: Confronting War, Colonialism, and Intervention in the Asia-Pacific’, Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4:503-524.
Cha, V., Kang, D. (2003) ‘The Korea Crisis’, Foreign Policy, Iss. 136, pp. 20-28. |
9.Session 9, May 15: The Politics of Nuclear Weapons: China, North Korea, Japan, and the United States
Questions to be Addressed
Based on the discussion from the previous class, we analyze the nuclear dimension of interstate conflict. After looking at the current state of nuclear deterrence and nuclear proliferation, we relate nuclear politics to conventional conflict between states and geostrategic thinking. The questions are: How did the meaning and use of nuclear weapons evolve after the end of bipolarity? What are the consequences for the prevention of nuclear war today? |
10.Session 10, May 18: Ballistic Missile Defense and Outer Space: Star Wars All Over Again?
Questions to be Addressed
Despite the end of the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, ballistic missiles have retained much of their significance for national security policies, especially in the Asia-Pacific. The search for defense against ballistic missiles, the growing importance of information technology by the adoption of ‘network-centric warfare’ military doctrines, and the surging commercial use of satellite-based technology bestowed outer space with unprecedented importance to national security planners. In this class we explore how nuclear weapon doctrines continue to shape space policies, and look at how competing interests in the use of outer space impact Asian governments’ security policies.
Required Reading
Gertler, J. (2006) ‘The Paths Ahead: Missile Defense in Asia’, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), available: http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0603_pathsahead.pdf, accessed 08.03.2011. |
11.Session 11, May 22: Nation and State: The Taiwan Strait
Questions to be Addressed
With the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, the conditions for cross-strait relations changed dramatically. At the same time, the increasing economic and political power wielded by Beijing has a profound and long-term impact on the status of Taiwan. Through realist, liberal and constructivist methodological lenses we discuss the background against which the governments in Beijing and Taipei have adjusted their approaches to one another. Moreover, we look at how the Taiwan issue influences regional security policy-making, especially in Japan and the United States.
Required Reading
Zhao, Quansheng (2005) ‘Beijing’s Dilemma With Taiwan: War or Peace?’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 18, No. 2:217-242. |
12.Session 12, May 25: Politics Versus Economics: Relations Between Japan and China
Questions to be Addressed
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1972, Japan-China relations have continuously expanded. At the same time, long-standing contentious issues related to the postwar settlement remain unresolved while new security political issues have emerged. In this class we discuss the factors behind the resurgence of nationalism in the last two decades and look at the phenomenon of ‘hot economics cold politics’.
Required Reading
Akaha, T. (2008) ‘The Nationalist Discourse in Contemporary Japan: The Role of China and Korea in the Last Decade’, Pacific Focus, Vol. 23, No. 2:156-188.
Yuan, J.D. (2008) ‘Chinese Nationalism and Sino-Japanese Relations’, Pacific Focus, Vol. 23, No. 2:212-231. |
13.Session 13, May 29: The Politics of History: Relations Between Japan and Korea
Questions to be Addressed
The relations between Japan and the two Koreas pose several puzzles for mainstream theories of international relations and the study of Asia-Pacific security. Although North Korea is commonly seen as the biggest and most immediate threat to Japan, Tokyo’s policies, since attempts at improvement by Prime Minister Koizumi, have largely focused on the abduction of Japanese nationals by North Korea. Moreover, the ‘North Korean Threat’ and the ‘Rise of China’ should have enabled closer relations between Tokyo and Seoul. We discuss the questions: What are the main drivers of Japanese foreign policy towards the two Koreas? How is Japan significant for the future of the security-political situation on the Korean Peninsula? How have South Korean attitudes toward Japan changed over the last decade?
Required Reading
Hundt, D., Bleiker, R. (2007) ‘Reconciling Colonial Memories in Korea and Japan’, Asian Perspective, Vol. 31, No. 1:61-91, |
14.Session 14, June 1: The Linchpin of Asian Security? The U.S.-Japan Alliance
Questions to be Addressed
With the end of the Cold War, the ‘hub-and-spokes’ or ‘San Francisco’ system of bilateral security partnerships between the United States and its East Asian allies became debatable. The U.S.-Japan alliance as the strongest of these ‘spokes’ was redefined in the mid-1990s and has since then evolved. We explore the background for this redefinition and discuss its implications for Japanese and Chinese security politics. In particular, we address the question of how the alliance produces ‘stability’, and security in East Asia.
Required Reading
Armitage, R., Nye, J. (2007) The U.S.-Japan Alliance: Getting Asia Right Through 2020, Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Yuan, J.D. (2010) ‘Chinese Perspectives on the U.S.-Japan Alliance’, in Arase, D., Akaha, T. (eds.), The Evolving U.S.-Japan Alliance in East Asia: Balancing Hard and Soft Power, London: Routledge, pp. 83-116. |
15.Session 15, June 5: Australia and Oceania in Asia-Pacific Security
Questions to be Addressed
Australia, New Zealand and Oceania are usually not at the center of scholarly and official discourse of Asia-Pacific security. This is only partially justified. Australia continues to be involved through its security alliance with the United States and intensifying defense relations with Japan. Apart from engaging in efforts aimed at stabilizing governments in Oceania and Southeast Asia, Australia is also a principal supplier of natural resources to East Asia. In this class, we discuss the existence and nature of an ‘Australian Factor’ in Northeast Asian politics, and address how the ambiguous Australian identity between Asia, the United Kingdom and the United States shapes Canberra’s security policies.
Required Reading
Burke, A. (2007) ‘Australia Paranoid: Security Politics and Identity Policy’, in Burke, Anthony, Mc Donald, Matt (eds.), Critical Security in the Asia-Pacific, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 121-135. |
16.Session 16, June 8: Maritime Territorial Disputes and Implications for Northeast Asia
Questions to be Addressed
Maritime territorial disputes account for some of the most salient security problems and sources of threat perceptions in all of the Northeast Asian international relations. As such, they continue to complicate policy coordination and cooperation, and in some cases spill-over into other areas of interstate relations. After exploring the origins and multi-dimensional character of these disputes, we seek to answer the questions: What factors influence the intensity of maritime territorial disputes? How can such disputes be solved?
Required Reading
Valencia, M.J. (2007) ‘The East China Sea Dispute: Context, Claims, Issues and Possible Solutions, Asian Perspective, Vol. 31, No. 1:127-167. |
17.Session 17, June 12: Maritime Territorial Disputes from a Regional Perspective: The South China Sea
Questions to be Addressed
Although they are based on similar historical contexts and share several characteristics, the disputes in the South China Sea differ from those in Northeast Asia in their multilateral dimension in terms of claimants. Moreover, the significance of the Malacca and Singapore Straits for worldwide shipping means that relevant maritime security problems are of global concern. With emphasis on the nexus between bilateralism and multilateralism, we address the question of how to understand the contemporary meaning of sea lane of communication (SLOC) and energy security.
Required Reading
Buszynski, L., Sazlan, I. (2007) ‘Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 29, No. 1:143.
Posen, B.R. (2003) ‘Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony’, International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1:5-46. |
18.Session 18, June 15: Regional Security Cooperation: The Six-Party Talks on the Korean Peninsula
Questions to be Addressed
The Asia-Pacific security order is characterized by bilateralism. It is often argued that existing multilateral institutions centered on ASEAN are too weak and unsuitable for the production of security. At the same time, Northeast Asia is without an independent security mechanism. The inception of the Six-Party Talks gave rise to hopes for enhanced multilateral policy coordination addressing concrete problems. We discuss how the interests of the six participants intersect, and explore the foundations and relevance of institutionalized and formalized multilateral security cooperation.
Required Reading
Van Ness, P. (2008) ‘Designing A Mechanism for Multilateral Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia’, Asian Perspective, Vol. 32, No. 4:107-126. |
19.Session 19, June 19: Asia Pacific Security Cooperation: The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP)
Questions to be Addressed
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is the only mechanism for multilateral security cooperation spanning the Asia-Pacific. The background of its emergence, its evolution, and limitations are therefore of particular interest for the analysis of regional security. Given the relatively informal character of governance and policy-making in East Asia, track II interaction among security-experts within CSCAP may have a significant impact on policy outcomes. In this class we assess the conditions necessary for effective multilateral security coordination and explore the contemporary functions of ARF and CSCAP.
Required Reading
Goh, E., Acharya, A. (2007) ‘The ASEAN Regional Forum and Security Regionalism: Comparing Chinese and American Positions’, in Curley, M., Thomas, N., (eds.), Advancing East Asian Regionalism, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 96-115. |
20.Session 20, June 22: Regional Security Cooperation: ASEAN: Constructing a Security Community or a ‘Talk Shop’?
Questions to be Addressed
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has retained its momentum despite strict adherence to the norms of sovereignty and non-interference. A continuously expanding portfolio and the relative stability of interstate relations lead to the question of whether and why a ‘security community’ could emerge in Southeast Asia.
Required Reading
Katsumata, H. (2011) ‘Mimetic Adoption and Norm Diffusion: ‘Western’ Security Cooperation in Southeast Asia?’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2:557-576. |
21.Session 21, June 26: Maritime Security: Piracy in Southeast Asia
Questions to be Addressed
Piracy has been a long-standing concern for international shipping. The ‘chokepoint’ created by the narrow waterways through the Malacca and Singapore Straits, combined with rapidly increasing seaborne trade bestows this sea lane of communication (SLOC) with global importance. As piracy has been a recurring issue, Southeast Asian and extra-regional governments frequently debate the level of danger to global shipping and the necessary measures to secure safe passage through Southeast Asian waters.
Required Reading
Ho, J. (2006) ‘The Security of Sea Lanes in Southeast Asia’, Asian Survey, Vol. 46, No. 4:558-574.
Liss, C. (2009) ‘Losing Control? The Privatisation of Anti-Piracy Services in Southeast Asia’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 3:390-403. |
22.Session 22, June 29: Terrorism in Southeast Asia and Beyond
Questions to be Addressed
With the end of the bipolar confrontation between East and West, and the revolution in information technology, terrorism has gained global attention. The September 2001 attacks on targets in the United States have especially meant that terrorism has become an international security concern. We look at how terrorism is perceived and addressed by governments in the Asia Pacific.
Required Reading
Booth, K., Dunne, T. (2002) ‘Worlds in Collision’, in Booth, K., Dunne, T. (eds.), Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-23.
Waltz, K.N. (2002) ‘The Continuity of International Politics’, in Booth, K., Dunne, T. (eds.), Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 348-353. |
23.Session 23, July 3: Internal Conflict: The State and Southern Violence in Thailand
Questions to be Addressed
Security is not a matter limited to conflict between states. The security of human beings is often threatened by violence at the sub-state level, and may even be seen as inherent to states. During this class we explore the drivers behind the conflict in Southern Thailand, and identify the determinants of security understood as the stability of social order at the local level.
Required Reading
Vatikiotis, M. (2006) ‘Resolving Internal Conflicts in Southeast Asia: Domestic Challenges and Regional Perspectives’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 28, No. 1:27-47.
Askew, M. (2010) ‘Fighting with Ghosts: Querying Thailand’s ‘Southern Fire’’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 32, No. 2:117-155. |
24.Session 24, July 6: After Colonialism; The Making of a State: East Timor (Timor Leste)
Questions to be Addressed
The case of East Timor stands for the making of a new state at the dawn of the 21st century. By looking at the difficulties that newly independent and developing nations confront, we explore the nexus between nation, state and security. In addition, international involvement in this process, and ‘security sector reform’ in particular, make the link between local, national and global governance tangible.
Required Reading
Simonsen, S.G. (2009) ‘The Role of East Timor’s Security Institutions in National Integration – and Disintegration’, The Pacific Review, Vol. 22, No. 5:575-596. |
25.Session 25, July 10: ‘Nation-Building’ and Conflict: Indonesian Aceh and Papua/Irian Jaya
Questions to be Addressed
The populous state of Indonesia, composed of numerous ethnicities stretched over a vast archipelago, poses a particularly difficult challenge for studies of international relations based on the assumption of an international system of like-state units. The local conflicts in Aceh and Papua reveal the inseparable links between security and identity, and national and human security.
Required Reading
Aspinall, E., Chauvel, R. (2007) ‘Constructing Separatist Threats: Security and Insecurity in Indonesian Aceh and Papua’ in Burke, Anthony, Mc Donald, Matt (eds.), Critical Security in the Asia-Pacific, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 89-104.
Bellamy, A.J., Hughes, B. (2007) ‘Emancipation and Force; The Role(s) of the Military in Southeast Asia’, in Burke, Anthony, Mc Donald, Matt (eds.), Critical Security in the Asia-Pacific, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 41-55. |
26.Session 26, July 13: The International Dimension of ‘Nation-Building’ in Cambodia
Questions to be Addressed
The devastating civil war and the subsequent ‘reconstruction’ of the Cambodian state is a suitable case for the study of the means and strategies by which governments seek to stabilize the international security environment through peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peace building. This dimension of military operations and civil-military cooperation represents an alternate to the engagement of armed forces in interstate warfare. We address the reasons national governments engage in international peacekeeping operations and the relevance of ‘human security’ for nation- and state-building.
Required Reading
Richmond, O.P., Franks, J. (2007) ‘Liberal Hubris? Virtual Peace in Cambodia’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 38, No. 1:27-48. |
27.Session 27, July 17: Environmental Pollution and Scarcity: Conflict or Cooperation?
Questions to be Addressed
In light of the increasing world population and surging consumption of natural resources, coupled with high levels of pollution in industrializing countries, uncertainties about the long-term consequences of the human transformation of the natural environment have arisen. In the short term, the shortage of resources may lead to violent conflict. What is the likelihood, and under what conditions will, environmental problems lead to local and international armed conflict?
Required Reading
Deudney, D. (1999) ‘Environmental Security: A Critique’, in Deudney, D., Matthew, R.A., Contested Grounds: Security Politics and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics, Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 187-214.
Harris, S. (2010) ‘Global and Regional Orders and the Changing Geopolitics of Energy’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 2:166-185. |
28.Session 28, July 20: Peace and Security in the Asia Pacific: Socioeconomic Change and the Uncertainty of the Future
Questions to be Addressed
After discussing a wide range of issues and various aspects of peace and security in the AsiaaPacific, we come back to the questions posed at the beginning of the course: What is meant by ‘security’, and what is being secured? The aim of the discussions in this class is to develop an understanding of the changing meanings of ‘security’ and how they lead to conclusions about the societal conditions pertaining to these issues. By looking at the connections between development and security, and globalization and security, we seek to look into the future of the concept of security, and its use in the Asia Pacific.
Required Reading
Bubandt, N. (2005) ‘Vernacular Security: The Politics of Feeling Safe in Global, National and Local Worlds’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 36, No. 3:275-296.
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| 29.Session 29, July 24: Final Examination Period |
| 30.Session 30, July 27: Final Examination Period |
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